The Tyrians were extremely discreet about their industry to ensure absolute monopoly. Their excellent technique of extraction and blending of dyes is the reason why Tyrian purple was so esteemed in the ancient world. Tyrians brought their methods in the purple dye industry near to perfection. In fact, the very word "Phoenician" is a Greek designation meaning "red" or "purple": The colour was, in ancient cultures, reserved for the use of royalty or at least the nobility. It was exploited from the Murex trunculus and Murex brandaris shellfishes. In general, the first half of the second millennium BCE in the Eastern Mediterranean was "a time of peaceful trade and Tyre probably shared in the commercial activity." Egyptian period (1700–1200 BC) Īmarna clay letter from Tyrian prince Abimilku to Pharaoh Akenaten, Metropolitan Museum of ArtĪrchaeological evidence indicates that Tyre had already by the middle of the second millennium BCE established the industrial production of a rare and extraordinarily expensive sort of purple dye, known as Tyrian Purple, which was famous for its beauty and lightfast qualities. The first known textual reference to Tyre comes from a curse text dated to the 19th century BCE. Third and second millennia BC strata from Tyre are buried so deeply under the debris of later periods that its early history is somewhat obscure. In this way the Ancient Greek culture expressed its appreciation of the influence that the Phoenician civilisation had on their own. Their supposed third brother Phoenix became the eponym of Phoenicia. Cilix fell in love during the quest and gave his name to Cilicia in Asia Minor. Instead, Cadmus became the founder and king of the Greek city of Thebes, who also introduced the Phoenician alphabet to the Hellenic world. Some sources go on to say that her brothers Cadmus and Cilix went to search for her, in vain. There the couple had three sons – Minos, Rhadamanthus, and Sarpedon, who became kings of Crete and after their deaths the judges of the Underworld. In Greek mythology, Zeus, the ruler of the gods, took the form of a bull to abduct the Tyrian princess Europa to Crete.
Since then, the gods have never stopped living there. The eagle offered itself, and Sur became attached to the sea floor.
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The god Melqart taught people how to build boats, then sailed to the island. It was predicted that the island would cease floating when the bird was sacrificed to the gods. A snake was wrapped around its trunk and an eagle was perched in it.
An Olive tree of the goddess Ashtart rose there, protected by a curtain of Flames. Originally the island was not attached to the sea floor, but rose and fell with the waves. The second legend explains why Astarte as the goddess of fertility was worshipped in Tyre as well: He landed on an island and consecrated two columns there, one to fire and the other to the wind, thus founding Tyre which was called Ushu in Egypt and Mesopotomia. Usoos took a tree trunk and was the first to sail in it on the sea. However, there are two other main founding legends:Īccording to the first one, there were two brothers in primeval times – Usoos and Shamenrum – living on the seashore who separated after a fight. Melqart – who was worshipped as a divine patron of Tyre for millennia – was called Melqart Heracles in Greek, but is not to be confused with the demigod Heracles ( Hercules), hero of the 12 labors. The Greek historian Eusebius recorded the common myth that the deity Melqart built the city as a favour to the mermaid Tyros and named it after her. Limestone figurine on a throne from Cyprus, 6th century BCE, "probably" representing Astarte, on display at Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna Hezbollahįounding millennium (2750–1700 BC) 17.4.2 1982 Lebanon War with Israel and Occupation.17.3.3.2 1978 South Lebanon conflict with Israel.17.3.3.1 PLO and LAA take-over: "People's Republic of Tyre".16 French Mandate colonial rule (1920–1943).14.2.2 French influence zone (from mid-19th c.14.2 Rise and rivalry of the feudal Zu'ama.8 Independence from Seleucid Empire (126–64 BCE).5 Independent and Neo-Babylonian period (612–539 BCE).3 Independent Phoenician period (1200–868 BC).
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